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Nontheist Quakers (also known as nontheist Friends or NtFs) are those who affiliate with, identify with, engage in, or affirm Quaker practices and processes, but who do not necessarily believe in a theistic God, a Supreme Being, the divine, the soul or the supernatural. Like traditional Friends, nontheist Friends are actively interested in realizing centered peace, simplicity, integrity, community, equality, love, joy, and social justice in the Society of Friends and beyond. ==Beliefs== Quakers in the unprogrammed tradition have recently begun to examine the significance of nontheistic beliefs in the Society of Friends, in the tradition of seeking truth. Non-theism among Quakers probably dates to the 1930s, when some Quakers in California branched off to form the Humanist Society of Friends (today part of the American Humanist Association), and when Henry Cadbury professed agnosticism in a 1936 lecture to Harvard Divinity School students.〔Cadbury, Henry, 1936. (My Personal Religion ). Accessed online: July 17, 2007. Unpublished manuscript in the Quaker Collection at Haverford College; lecture given to Harvard divinity students in 1936.〕 The term "non-theistic" was first written in a Quaker publication in 1952 on conscientious objection.〔Tatum, Lyle (ed.). 1952. "Handbook for Conscientious Objectors." Philadelphia, PA: Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors.〕 As early as 1976, a Friends General Conference Gathering hosted a well-attended Workshop for Nontheistic Friends (Quakers).〔Morgan, Robert. 1976. 'Report from the Workshop for Non-Theistic Friends – Friends General Conference, Ithaca, NY, June, 1976.' (Note at end of report reads: "The author of this report is "Workshop for Non-Theistic Friends". The workshop was led by Robert Morgan (1916–1993), a Friend from Pittsburgh PA." Morgan was therefore 'recording clerk' for this report).〕 There is a nontheist Friends' website and there are nontheist Quaker study groups.〔(NontheistFriends.org )〕 Os Cresson began a recent consideration of this issue from behaviorist, natural history, materialist and environmentalist perspectives. ''Roots and Flowers of Quaker Nontheism'' is one history. Friendly nontheism also draws on Quaker humanist and universalist traditions.〔Cresson, Os (Roots and Flowers of Quaker Nontheism ) NontheistFriends.org, September 16, 2010〕 The book ''Godless for God's Sake: Nontheism in Contemporary Quakerism'' offers recent, critical contributions by Quakers.〔Boulton, David (ed.). 2006. ''Godless for God's Sake: Nontheism in Contemporary Quakerism.'' Dent, UK: Dales Historical Monographs. ISBN 0-9511578-6-8〕 Some Friends are actively engaging the implications of human evolution, cognitive anthropology, evolutionary psychology, bodymind questions (esp. the 'relaxation response'〔Benson MD, Herbert and Miriam Z. Klipper. 2000 (). The Relaxation Response. Expanded updated edition. Harper. ISBN 0-380-81595-8〕〔Benson MD, Herbert. 1976. (Steps to Elicit the Relaxation Response. ) RelaxationResponse.org. From "The Relaxation Response." HarperTorch.〕), primatology, evolutionary history, evolutionary biology, biology and consensus decision-making, online especially, in terms of Quaker nontheism. There are currently three main nontheist Quakers' web sites, including the Nontheist Friends' Official Website,〔(NontheistFriends.org )〕 Nontheist Friends Network Website (a listed informal group of Britain Yearly Meeting),〔(Nontheist Friends Network (a listed informal group of Britain Yearly Meeting) )〕 and the Nontheist Friends' wiki subject/school at World University and School,〔(Nontheist Friends' wiki school at World University and School )〕 which was founded by Scott MacLeod. Nontheist Friends are a group of individuals, many of whom are affiliated or actively involved in the unprogrammed tradition in Quakerism. F/friendly nontheists are attempting sympathetically to generate conversation with others who are more comfortable with the traditional and often reiterated language of Quakerism. Some nontheistic f/Friends see significance in this lower-case / upper-case distinction in terms of inclusiveness and friendliness, welcoming both to the ongoing NTF email list conversations. Questioning theism, they wish to examine whether the experience of direct and ongoing inspiration from God ("waiting in the Light") – "So wait upon God in that which is pure. ..."〔Royce, Josiah. 1913. (George Fox as a Mystic ) Cambridge, MA: The Harvard Theological Review. 6:1:31-59.〕 – which traditional Quakers understand as informing Silent Meeting and Meeting for Business, might be understood and embraced with different metaphors, language and discourse. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nontheist Quakers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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